A. It was there where the Greek Army was, actually.
Q. At home you didn't have a uniform?
A. No.
Q. Well, you joined the Greek Army. Of what did this Greek Army consist?
A. That army consisted of Greek officers, Greek soldiers; and British officers and British soldiers.
Q. Did all these people wear uniforms?
A. All of them were wearing uniforms.
Q. There were two groups, weren't there, in Greece? Do you know anything regarding a group lead by General Cervas, and that there was a Communist group?
A. I know of no Communist group. I know only of Greek resistance groups. How they called themselves is of no importance because the German army, too, had several groups, with several names: Divisions and corps, and so forth.
Q. Witness, you claim that you don't know that in the Greek resistance movement there were groups who were at loggerheads with each other?
A. No; one thing that I can tell you is that they always agreed with reward to the common struggle against the enemy. If they had some personal differences between themselves--that is another matter.
Q. Yes, witness; well, that is another matter.
Well, witness, I am now putting to you that we have examined a witness here who belonged to the organization of General Cervas, and this witness was at all times in the immediate neighborhood of General Cervas and his troops, and he told us the following about the uniforms worn by the troops of General Cervas: Only a few officers were supposed to have worn uniforms.
MR. FENSTERMACHER: If Your Honor please, I object to the statement of defense counsel. I don't believe that is a proper or correct summary of the evidence given by a preceding witness in this case.
PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER:
Objection sustained.
Q Witness, from whore did those people get their uniforms?
A From the Headquarters of the Middle East, from the Creek and British Government.
Q What was the strength of this Greek Army which still remained in Greece?
A In our sector -- I mean the whole province of Kalavrita between Tripolis and Aegion, there were three battalions, about 2,000 men.
Q What is the strength of three battalions?
A Between 1,800 and 2,000.
At what time did they have that strength?
A The strength was reached little by little, and at the time of the destruction of Kalavrita, we had approximately that strength, 2,000 --3,000 men.
Q Witness, where did the others come from then, the people who currently joined the Army?
A They came from the various districts of Greece. They got their equipment from the British Headquarters of the Middle East.
Q And how was this equipment transported to Greece?
A With airplanes.
Q Was it possible to drop so much equipment that these people could currently be equipped with uniforms?
A I told you before, little by little, gradually, not at once.
Q Witness, tell me now is the organization Edes known to you?
A Yes.
Q What kind of an organization was Edes?
A Edes was part of the Greek Army.
Q By whom was it led?
A Cervas.
Q Cervas? yes. Is the organization Elas also known to you?
A Elas, too, is a part of the Greek Army.
Q By whom was this organization led?
A There were several officers.
Q Is an organization called EAM known to you?
A Yes.
Q By whom was this organization led?
A This was not a military organization. It was a political organization and I was never concerned with political organization. I was in the Greek Army and I was fighting in the Greek Army and I had nothing to do with political organizations.
Q Is it now known to you that EAM also formed formations and that they fought?
A I was not concerned and I do not know anything about this. I was a Greek soldier fighting and my whole feelings and interest were concentrated on that.
Q Who was the overall commander of this Greek Army of Edes and Elas together?
A This was General Wilson of the Headquarters in the Middle East.
Q To which of the two organizations did you yourself belong? to Edes or to Elas?
A I did not belong to any organization. As I told you before, I was a Greek soldier fighting for the liberation of Greece, and obeying the British commanders who were under the High Command in the Middle East.
Q You just said the Supreme Commander and the two groups, Elas and Edes were subordinate to this group. As a Greek soldier you must have belonged to one of these organization. You were not a British soldier, were you? You said you were a Greek soldier and belonged to the Greek Army and the Supreme Commander was General Wilson.
To which of the Greek organizations did you belong?
MR. FENSTERMACHER: If Your Honors please, I object to the question. I believe the witness has already stated that he belonged to neither of the organizations named by the defense counsel.
PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER: The witness so testified. Objection sustained.
Q Witness, -- Since what date did this Command Middle East take an interest in these Greek soldiers?
PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER: Counsel, tills man wasn't asked anything about that on direct examination. So far as his personal connection with those organizations is concerned, you are perfectly within bounds in asking him about that, but I think your questions are improper as they are and that this question has been pursued far enough.
Q Witness, since when did you have anything to do with Greek officers -- what I wanted to say was, with British officers?
A The Greek Army -- where I was fighting -- was organized when the British Officers came together with Greek officers from the Headquarters Middle East.
Q When did you take part for the first time?
A I told the High Tribunal already that it was in October, 1942.
Q Well, as another question, Witness, let us come back to your release from the military hospital. At which military hospital were you? You also mentioned a hospital ship.
A I was on the hospital ship which had been bombed by the German airplanes, although it was full of wounded soldiers. I was on that hospital ship on the 16th of April -
Q I didn't ask you -
A Yes, on the 16th of April, 1941.
Q And where was this ship anchored?
A I just told you about where it was. I came from the front and it was at Selanitika near Ageion, - near the Ageian coast in the Corinthian Bay.
Q That is what you are saying now. Didn't you tell us before that Ageion was in the Ageian Sea.
INTERPRETER ANAGNOSTOPOULOS: I want to make a personal remark.
This was translated by me, "Ageian Sea, Salanitika near the Ageion. The whole is the Ageion Sea, I think.
BY DR. BERGLER:
A Witness, now another question. Were there several liasonmen between the population as you said, and the British command, and the Greek army?
A What do you mean?
Q In Kalavrita and other regions. Is it known to you that apart from you, there are other such liaison men?
A Yes, there were several.
Q Did they have the same tasks as you?
A Yes, the same tasks.
Q Did the others wear uniforms?
A The whole army being on the march, did wear uniforms.
Q When these men were not in the mountains, when they were collecting their information did they then wear uniforms?
A I was in one part of Greece. It was impossible for me to know what they did in other parts of Greece.
Q You need only answer my questions regarding the regions in which you were, - in the part in which you were. Were there other liaison men or were you the only one?
A I was the only one.
Q The only man in the whole neighborhood? Don't you know any other liaison men apart from yourself?
A In this territory I was the only one.
DR. BERGLER: I have no further questions.
DR. LATERNSER: Your honors, I only want to clarify two points, which I forgot to clarify yesterday. I shall be through in five minutes.
BY DR. LATERNSER:
Q Witness, did you also fight against the Germans in the front, during the war between Greece and Germany?
A No.
Q Later, as you said, you were fighting in the Greek Army for the liberation?
A Yes.
Q When and where?
A Do you mean after the occupation by the Germans?
A Yes.
A No, then I did not participate in a battle.
Q You said that you had worn a uniform on various occasions, and that you were with the British Commander, or with the Regular Army?
A Yes, I was wearing the uniform, ad I would even have participated in the battle, out it did not occur just at the times when I was there. If it had, I would have taken part.
Q Well now, where did you talk with the British Commanders, and how long were you always absent from Kalabrita for this purpose?
A This was at Demestricha, about 40 kilometers from Kalavrita.
Q For how long did you always stay at Demestricha, or whatever the name of the place is?
A One, two or three days.
Q Now something else. You said yesterday that 10 minutes after the shooting had been carried out, the German troops had left Kalavrita. Is that correct?
A I meant by that, and I made it clear that after they had exterminated everybody they left. Not 10 minutes after the shooting with the machine guns had taken place.
Q That is to say--how am I to understand it? 10 minutes after the executions were concluded, the troops left Kalavrita?
A The event took place in the following way, as I told you yesterday, to the Tribunal-
Q I only want to put one question, whether it is correct as you said that the German troops left the community 10 minutes after the execution. Yes or No? Did all people leave Kalavrita then, -I am sorry, I mean all of the German troops. Did they all leave Kalavrita?
A Yes, all of them.
Q 10 minutes after the executions were concluded, all German troops left Kalavrita?
A Yes, after thy had given the finishing shots to everybody. I mean that was 4 hours after the machine gun shooting had finished. After that time they left.
Q Did more of the soldiers take part in the execution?
A Do you mean the shooting of the machine guns, or the finishing extermination which took place after the shooting by machine guns?
Q I mean the shooting of the inhabitants.
A I told the High Tribunal approximately 10 machine guns were shooting, so naturally not the whole of the German soldiers could participate. As many as were necessary for that shooting. I cannot tell the number.
Q When did the 1st of the soldiers leave Kalavrita on that day?
AApproximately five o'clock the last German soldiers left, after having put a fire under the school building.
Q At that date, prior to that time the shootings were carried out?
A Do you mean the shooting by the machine guns?
Q. No, I mean the actual shooting.
AAbout 4 hours.
Q How long did the troops need in order to herd away the 35,000 cattle?
A I don't know how long it took for the German troops, they usually were looting and had quite a system in that. I do not know because we are not accustomed to that.
Q. I want to ask you when did they start driving the cattle out of Kalavrita?
MR. FENSTERMACHER: Your Honors please, I believe all this had been gone into in great detail yesterday.
DR. LATERNSER: I did not put this question.
Q. I ask you, when did the troops start to drive away these 35,000 head of cattle?
A. They started -- they brought them in about 12 o'clock and started at 2 o'clock to drive them away until the next day, on the 13th. When the execution took place, they had taken almost all of them because the German troops, when they left Kalavrita after the execution had taken place, went with them.
Q. Now, how did the troops get all these 35,000 head of cattle together?
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: Dr. Laternser, they went through all that yesterday - somebody did - on cross examination. It seems to me like repetition.
DR. LATERNSER: I only wanted to try and clear up this incredible story because it is completely impossible that 35,000 head of cattle could be brought together in this neighborhood. I only want to show that the witness told untruths in this matter. It is impossible to get 35,000 head of cattle in this neighborhood. For this reason I am putting this question.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: I followed counsel on the other cross examination on the same story and repeating again and again isn't going to help us much.
DR. LATERNSER: I only wanted to establish how the cattle was herded, Your Honors.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: All right. Do it briefly.
Q. Witness, quite briefly, how did the German troops herd these 35,000 head of cattle together?
MR. FENSTERMACHER: Your Honors please, I don't believe the witness ever testified that there were 35,000 head of cattle.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: I think that's correct and I think that question was answered yesterday. It's repetition, Sustain the objection.
DR. LATERNSER: I have no further questions.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: Continue with the cross examination by the defense. Any further redirect examination?
REDIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. FENSTERMACHER:
Q. Witness, yesterday you were asked whether you knew that German soldiers were killed before the destruction and executions which took place at Kalavrita.
A. The German prisoners were killed after the destruction and the executions at Kalavrita had taken place and retaliation measures for the whole massacre.
Q. What information have you in that respect, witness, that leads you to that belief?
A. I was told of this fact by the head of the British command, Anthony, as well as by the Greek major, Sfagjanos, and by the inhabitants of surrounding villages.
Q. Witness, during the period 6 to 13 or 14 December 1943, were any announcements made to you by the German troops in your village to the effect that Kalavrita would be burned or was being burned in retaliation for the execution of German prisoners?
A, No, most certainly not, because if they would have told us such a thing we would have fled and would have reached the ocean.
Q. Were there any units of Greek forces fighting the German troops in the neighborhood of Kalavrita during the month preceding the events of the 8th to the 13th of December 1943, to your knowledge?
A. There was a small section.
Q. How far-
A. At the time when the massacre took place, there was a small section of three soldiers who watched the massacre from the fortress.
Q. Did you ever have a gun in your house in Kalavrita?
A. No.
Q. Did you ever have any ammunition in your house?
A. No.
Q. Do you know if there were guns or ammunition in any of the other houses in Kalavrita?
A. No, there were not and it wasn't possible because every other day either the Germans or Italians came and searched the houses entirely.
Q. To your knowledge, did any combat actions take place between Greek forces and German forces in or near Kalavrita preceding the destruction of Kalavrita?
A. Yes, I know a battle took place in the vicinity of Kalavrita, Kertini, and in the village of Rogi, and during that battle the Greek forces captured 78 German prisoners.
Q. How far away from Kalavrita did that battle take place?
A. About 18 to 20 kilometers.
MR. FENSTERMACHER: I have no further questions, Your Honors.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: Any further cross examination? Any questions by the Tribunal? The witness will be excused for the time beings.
MR. FENSTERMACHER: Your Honors, yesterday afternoon at four-thirty I passed out copies of the photographs which were taken by the witness Triandaphylidis, who testified earlier in this proceeding and whom I should like now to recall to the witness stand to identify the photographs.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: Probably it would be better to call him after the recess. We will take our morning recess at this time.
THE MARSHAL: There will be a fifteen minute recess.
(A recess was taken.)
Court No. V, Case No. VII.
THE MARSHAL: All persons In the courtroom will please find their seats.
Tribunal Number 5 is again in session.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: You may proceed.
MR. FENSTERMACHER: Your Honors please, I should like to ask the Tribunal to direct the Marshal to recall to the witness stand the witness Triandaphylidis.
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: The officer may produce the witness.
COSTAS TRIANDAPHYLIDIS - Resumed REDIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. FENSTERMACHER:
Q. Witness, will you state your name, please?
A. Triandaphylidis, Costas.
Q. Have you given testimony in this case before?
A. Yes.
Q. Witness, I am handing you a folder containing 39 photographs. Will you examine them? Do you recognize these photographs?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you take them yourself?
A. Yes.
Q. Are they an accurst reproduction of the events which were intended to reproduce?
A. Yes.
Q. Will you take each photograph in order, state the approximate time when you took the photograph and what it describes?
PRESIDING JUDGE CARTER: I think you batter have them marked and handle this by interrogation or we will be confused on them.
MR. FENSTERMACHER: All right, your Honor. I ask that the photographs be marked for identification as Exhibit 481-A.
Q. Will you look at the first photograph, witness? Will you state the approximate date when you took this photograph?
MR. FENSTERMACHER: I believe they are in numeral order, your Honors -- the number on back.
A. On the 13th of November, 1942.
Q. What does this photograph represent?
A. This was the proclamation of General Zervas's -this is an order of General Zervas -- this is a reward that the Italians wrote out for the head of General Zervas after the Greek, after the destruction of the bridge of Gorgopotamus had taken place. It is a poster announcing the regard for the leader. In addition to that, everybody who would tell the Italians where General Zervas was living would get this reward.
Q. Was the poster written in more then one language?
A. It is written in three languages: in the Italian, in the German and in the Greek, because the same announcement had been given by the German command and by the Greek Quisling government.
Q. Will you turn to your photograph marked "No. 2." When was this photograph taken?
A. At the beginning of October 1943.
Q. And what does the photograph represent?
A. It shows in what conditions were the German prisoners who had come down from German airplanes and the Italian prisoners from Italian airplanes, and the Italian prisoners, regardless of airplanes.
Q. Will you turn to the photograph "No. 3." When was that photograph taken and what does it represent?
A. This was received also. This was taken, this photograph, at the beginning of October 1943 and it represents the representative of the Swiss Red Cross, Mr. Bickel, who had come to the mountains whore General Zervas was stationed together with the delegates which the Germans had sent in order to make negotiations with General Zervas.
Q. Which of the persons is Bickel?
A. The person dressed in civilian clothes.
Q. Witness, If I hand you copies of these photographs would you be able to identify and testify from the copies so that I might give the originals to the Tribunal?
A. Yes.
Q. We turn now to photograph marked "No. 4." When was that photograph taken and what does it represent?
A. It was taken at the same period and it represents Mr. Bickel and General Zervas at the headquarters of General Zervas in Skiadavas.
Q. Which one of the Figures was General Zervas?
A. This person with the beard and dressed in military clothes.
Q. We turn now to photograph marked "No. 5." When was that taken and what does it represent?
A. This was taken also at the beginning of October, 1943, and it shows the military hospital, the doctors and the nurses and the military hospital of Vugareli, and shows the good condition in which this Hospital is and the good military organization that we did have.
Q. Will you turn next to the photograph narked "No. 6" and state the date when it was taken and what it represents?
A. This was taken also at the beginning of October 1943 and represents the Greeks what the Germans had sent to bring the offer to General Zervas.
Q Can you identify the five persons in the foreground of the photograph by name?
A To the right of the General is the Mayor of Joannina, Vlachlidis.
Q Witness, I suggest that you identify the persons on the photograph reading from left to right.
A The first, from left to right, is an officer belonging to the Greek forces, whose name I cannot recall. After him comes the Mayor of Joannina, Vlachlidis. The third person is General Zervas. The fourth person is the deputy of the Metropolite of Joannina, Athanassios. The last person, I'm sorry, I cannot see very well; so I cannot identify him.
Q Is the person on the extreme left of the photograph wearing the uniform of the EDES organization?
A Yes, he does wear the uniform of the EDES organization.
Q Turn next to Photograph marked No. 7. When was that taken, and who is it a photograph **?
AApproximately at the same date, that is to say, in October 1943, and it represents the British Lt. Colonel Tom Barnes, the head of the British Mission.
Q The British Mission to whom?
A The British Mission, to the staff of General Zervas.
Q What are the letters which appear on the cap of Major Barnes?
A EOEA.
Q What do those letters stand for?
A Greek National Guerilla Bands.
Q And what is the insignia that appears on the left, below the left shoulder of the Major?
A That he belongs to the Corps of the British Parachutists.
Q Turn next to photograph marked No. 8. When was it taken and what does the scene represent?
A It was taken on the 10th of October 1943, and it represents the 40th Regiment of Evzones of the National Guerrilla Bands, which is departing from Vulgareli in order to proceed to Petratomo in order to block the roads to the Germans, who, we were told, were coming on to this point.
Q Did you say that these were Evzones?
A Yes, I said that these were Evzones. Understand that these Evzones had, by no means, any relation with those Evzones that were fighting with the Germans, and that had spoiled the Greek name and reputation of the Evzones, which is an elite troop in Greece.
Q Do they wear any EDES insignia on their uniforms?
A Yes, they always were wearing the EDES insignia on their uniforms.
Q We turn now to photograph No. 9. When was it taken, and what does the scene portray?
A This was taken in March, 1944, and it represents a new section that had been recruited and organized.
Q Next look at photograph marked. No. 10.
A This was taken in April, 1944, and it represents General Zervas who came to review the sacred parade of the students.
Q Which one of the persons on the photograph is General Zervas?
A The person who is proceeding on horse back.
Q Next, look at photograph marked No. 11.
A This was taken in May, 1944, and it represents part of the third division, which is being reviewed by the officers.
Q The third division of what organization?
A The third division of the National Guerrila Bands.
Q What is the flag which appears on the photograph?
A It is the Greek military flag.
Q We will now turn to photograph marked No. 12
A This was taken also in May, 1944, in the village -near the village of Plessia, and it represents a part of the division Xyrovuni, division of the National Regiment, of the Regiment Xyrovuni which is a regiment of the National Guerrilla Bands.
Q What is the flag which appears in this photograph?
A It's the Greek Military Flag.
Q Turning next to photograph marked No. 13.
A This was taken also in May, 1944, and it represents the 39th Regiment of the National Guerrilla Bands, which has received the order to proceed to another place.
Q Where was this photograph taken -- No. 13?
A Near Pesta.
Q Next turn to photograph marked No. 14.
A It has been taken at the same period, and it represents the same part of the regiment at the same place.
Q The same as which photograph, Witness?
A The same with the photograph No. 13.
Q Turn next to photograph marked No. 15.
A This is the third photograph showing the same regiment as Nos. 13 and 14, and it has b.en taken at the same period and at the same place.
Q Next, will you look at the photograph No. 16?
A This, again, has been taken in May, 1944, and it shows General Zervas who is reviewing new sections of the Army which had been newly recruited and organized.
Q Is General Zervas the single figure standing to the left of the photograph?
A Yes, that is correct.
Q Will you look now at the photograph No. 17?
A This was taken at the same period of this review and has been taken at the same date.
Q As what?
AAs No. 16.
Q As the photograph No. 16?
A Yes.
Q What is the flag which one of those soldiers is bearing in photograph No. 17?
A This is the Greek military flag, and this is the same flag that the Greek Regular Army had boon using when the soldiers had been captured. They had hidden this flag. After the capitulation of 1941 the soldiers had hidden this flag and brought it out newly again. It's the same flag.
Q Turning next to photograph No. 18.
A. This has been taken in May, 1944 and it represents the same parade.
Q. As.
A. As photographs No.s 17 and 18.
Q. Will you look now at photograph No. 20?
A. This has been taken in May, 1944, and it, is a part of another regiment of General Zervas.
Q. Look now at photograph marked No. 21.
A. This has been taken in July, 1944 and it represents the investigation of German prisoners of war.
Q. Are there any members of the EDES organization shown in this photograph?
A. At the right side there's the Lt. Colonel, Christou, who was the head of the Intelligence Service of General Zervas' staff.
Q. Turn next to photograph marked No.22.
A. This has been taken in July, 1944, and it represents the investigation of German prisoners of war by Lt. Colonel Christou, head of the Intelligence Service of General Zervas' staff.
Q. Which person in the photograph as the Lt. Colonel?
A. It is the person standing in the middle, who is just a single person, standing in the middle.
Q. You mean the man with the beard?
A. Yes, the man with the beard
Q. Will you turn now to photograph marked No. 23?
A. This has been taken towards the end of July, 1944, and it represents the investigation of German prisoners of war--some of them are wounded soldiers.
Q. Are there any members of the EDES or anization shown in the photograph?
A. Yes, at the left side of the photograph and at the right side of the photograph.
Q. Is the man with a bread a member of the EDES organization?
A. Yes, that is a member of the EDES organization, by the name of Lt. Col. Christou.
Q. Will you now look at photograph marked No. 24?
A. This was taken towards the end of July, 1944, audit represents the investigation of German officers who had been captured at the village of Lures.
Q. Who are the two men with caps facing the camera?
A. This represents Lt. Colonel Christou and his aide de camp adjutant.
Q. Now, look at photograph marked No. 25.
A. This was taken towards the end of July, 1944, and it represents the investigation of German prisoners of war at the village of Dervisema.
Q. Who is the man in the right center portion of the photograph, the man wearing the beard?
A. This is the head of the Intelligence Service, Lt. Colonel Christou.
Q. Was he a member of the EDES organization at that time?
A. He was one of the oldest members of the EDES organization and was an officer of the Regular Greek Army.
Q. Will you turn now to photograph No. 26
A. This has been taken during the summer of 1944 in Paramythia. And to represents a newly recruited organized regiment, which is taking the place an other.
Q. To what organization do these men belong?
A. They belong to the National Units of General Zervas, the EDES organization.
Q. Are they wearing the uniform of the EDES organization?
A. Yes, all of then are wearing the uniform of the EDES organization.