Then he goes on to expound the second point of the Party:
"We demand equality for the German people with other nations, the cancellation of the peace treaties of Versailles and St. Germain." the world and, as will be subsequently shown, took an active part in promoting the infection of other nations with his creed. In the "Nature, Principles and Aims of the NSDAP", he states:
"But National Socialism still believes that its principles and ideology though in individually different suitable ways of fight according to racial-national conditions -- will be directives far beyond the borders of Germany for the inevitable fights for power in other countries of Europe and America. There, too, a decision of ideas must take place, and the racial-nationalistic fight against the ever similar loan-capitalistic and marxist internationalism must be taken up. National Socialism believes that once the great world battle is concluded, after the defeat of the present epoch, there will be a time when the swastika will be woven into the different banners of the Germanic peoples as the Aryan symbol of rejuvenation."
This statement was made in 1922. It is thus seen that the defendant Rosenberg gave authoritative expression to the basic tenets upon which National Socialism was founded, and through the exploitation of which the conspiracy was crystallized in action.
Rosenberg's value to the conspiratorial program found official recognition with his appointment in 1934 as the Fuehrer's delegate for the entire spiritual and philosophical education and supervision of the NSDAP. His activities in this capacity were vast and varied. the year 1938 as USA Exhibit 597. At page 180 of this book, which is our document No. 3531-PS, the functions of Rosenberg's office as the Fuehrer's delegate are described as follows:
"The sphere of activity of the Fuehrer's Commissioner for all spiritual and ideological instruction and education of the movement, its organization, including the 'Strength through Joy', extends to the detailed execution of all the educational work of the party and of the affiliated bodies. The office, set up by Reichsleiter Rosenberg, has the task of preparing the ideological educational material, of carrying out the teaching programme and is responsible for the education of those teachers suited to this educational and instructional work."
As the Fuehrer's delegate, Rosenberg thus supervised all ideological education and training within the party.
It was Rosenberg's personal belief that upon the performance of his new functions as ideological delegate depended the future of National Socialism. I offer document 3532-PS as USA Exhibit 598. This is an excerpt from an article by Rosenberg appearing in the March 1934 issue of "The Educational Letter." At page 9 of this publication Rosenberg states:
"The focus of all our educational work from now on is the service for this ideology, and it depends on the result of these efforts, whether National Socialism will be buried with our fighting ancestors or whether, as we believe, it really represents the beginning of a new era."
In his capacity as the Fuehrer's delegate for the spiritual and ideological training, Rosenberg assisted in the preparation of the curriculum for the Adolf Hitler schools. These schools, it will be read, selected the most suitable candidates from the Hitler Jugend and trained them for leadership within the party. They were the elite schools of National Socialism. I offer into evidence document 3529-PS -- I beg your pardon. This document, entitled "Documents of German Policy" is already in evidence as USA Exhibit 365. Translations of excerpts from this document are found in 3529-PS, page 389, and read as follows:
"As stated by Dr. Ley, Reichsorganisationsleiter, on 23 November 1937 at Ordensburg Sonthofen, these Adolf Hitler Schools, as the first step of the principle of selecting a special elite, form an important branch in the educational system of the national socialist training of future leaders.
"The curriculum has been laid down by Reichsleiter Rosenberg, together with the Reichsorganisationsleiter and the Reich Youth Leader." members in the establishment of community schools for all organizations of the party. Document 3528-PS is a translation of page 297 of the 1934 edition of "Das Dritte Reich", which I offer as USA Exhibit 599. It reads as follows:
"We support the request of the Fuehrer's Commissioner for the supervision of the whole spiritual and ideological training and instruction of the NSDAP, Party member Alfred Rosenberg, to organize community schools of all organizations of the NSDAP twice a year, in order to show by this common effort the ideological and political unity of the NSDAP and the steadfastness of the National Socialist will." Himmler, Ley and others.
THE PRESIDENT: Aren't you dealing with this rather in an accumulative way? Isn't it possible to summarize this evidence against Rosenberg more than you are doing?
MR. BRUDNO: I will try to, your Honor. However, although the indictment charges and there is already substantial proof to show that the defendant conspirators used ideological training as an implement in achieving their rise to power and in consolidating their control, there seems to be little evidence as to Rosenberg's position, and I'm introducing this evidence in order to show that he played a dominant role in this connection. However, I will try to summarize these documents if I can.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I've taken down about twenty documents that you have alluded to use, all of which deal with Rosenberg-ideological theories.
MR. BRUDNO: Yes, your Honor, I was merely trying to show the scope of his activities.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
MR. BRUDNO: Your Honors will recall that it was in his capacity as Fuehrer's delegate that Rosenberg established the Institute for the Exploration of the Jewish Question in Frankfort.
This institute, commonly known as the "Hohe Schule", has been referred to in connection with the exposition of art plunders. Into its library there flowed books, documents and manuscripts which were looted from virtually every country of occupied Europe. Further evidence on this score will be introduced by the prosecutor of the Republic of France.
that it was as Ideological Delegate that Rosenberg conducted the fabulous art looting activities of the Einsatzstab Rosenberg, activities which extended to virtually every country occupied by the Germans. I will not attempt to summarize the extent of the plunder, and merely refer the Tribunal to document 1015 b-PS, which has already been introduced as USA Exhibit 385 and the Document L-188, which has been introduced as USA Exhibit 386. Document 1015 b-PS details of looting of 21,000 objects of art. Document L-188, the looting of the contents of over 71,000 Jewish homes in the West, This subject, too, will be further developed by the French Prosecutor.
The importance of Rosenberg's activities as official ideologist of the Nazi Party was not overlooked. In Document 3559-PS, which I wish to introduce as USA Exhibit 600. This Document, incidentally, is the Hart biography of Rosenberg, entitled "The Man and His Work", states that Rosenberg won the German National, prize in 1937. The creation of this prize, Your Honors will recall, was the Nazis' petulant reply to the award of the Nobel prize to Karl von Ossietzki, an inmate of a German concentration camp. The citation which accompanied the award to Rosenberg read as follows:
"Alfred Rosenberg has helped with his publications to lay the way.
His indefatigable struggle to keep National Socialist philosophy clean was especially meritorious.
Only future National Socialist Reich.
The National Socialist movement, awarding him the German National Prize."
The contribution which Rosenberg's book, "The Myth of the Twentieth Century", which is the foundation of all his ideological Fascist propaganda was praised in the official National Socialist book review publication "Bucher Kunde" in 1942.
This publication is our Document No. 2554-PS, dated November 1942. I offer it as USA Exhibit 601. The first page sets forth an appraisal of the "Myth of the Twentieth Century".
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Brudno, you referred us to the "Myth of the Twentieth Century" on several occasions.
MR. BRUDNO: Yes, your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: We really don't want to hear any more about it.
MR. BRUDNO: I wish to show that this book is regarded as being one of the pillars of the movement and I wish to show also, Sir, that it had a circulation of over a million copies.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I think it is absolutely clear from the evidence which has already been given that Rosenberg was enunciating doctrines of the ideology of the Nazi Party, and I don't think that it is necessary to go any further into details about it.
MR. BRUDNO: Very well. If the Tribunal is satisfied that Rosenberg's ideas formed the foundation for the National Socialist Ideological Movement, I will pass on.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, you have already drawn up the fact that he was appointed the Fuehrer's Deputy for that purpose; wasn't he?
MR. BRUDNO: Yes, your Honor, I shall pass on to that point. I would merely like to make reference, however, to Document 789, which has already been introduced as USA Exhibit 23. This document records a meeting between Hitler and his Supreme Commanders, and on that occasion Hitler said:
"The building up of our armed forces was only possible in connection with the ideological education of the German people by the party." and dissemination of National Socialist Ideology was fundamental to the conspiracy. As the apostle of neo-paganism, the exponent of the drive for Lebensraum, and the glorifier of the Myth of Nordic Superiority and as one of the oldest and most energetic Nazi proponents of anti-Semitism, he contributed materially to unification of the German people behind the swastika. He provided the impetus and the inspiration of National Socialism. His doctrines were responsible for the sublimation of morality and the crystallization of the perverted Nordic dream in the minds of the German people, thereby making them useful tools in the hands of the conspirators and willing collaborators in the prosecution of their criminal plan.
I now pass to the second phase of Rosenberg's criminal activities - his active contribution toward the preparation for aggressive war through the international activities of the APA - The Foreign Policy Office of the Party.
As previously indicated in my quotation from "Das Deutsche Fuehrer Lexikon" which is U.S.A. Exhibit 593, Rosenberg became a "Reichsleiter, the highest level of rank in the Leadership Corps, and was made chief of the Foreign Political Office of the Party in April, 1933. The organization manual of the Party, document 2319-PS, which I offer as U.S.A. exhibit 602, describes the functions of the APA as including the influencing of public opinion abroad so as to convince foreign nations that Germany desires peace. The far-flung activities of the APA are indicated at page 14 of the translation of this document and states as follows:
"1. The APA is divided into three main offices:
A. Office for Foreign Referats with the Main Offices
a) England and Far East
b) Near East
c) South East
d) North
e) Old Orient
f) Controls, personnel questions, etc.
B. Office of the German Academic exchange Service.
C. Office of Foreign Commerce.
"2. Moreover, there is in the APA a main office for the press service and an educational office."
such a manner as to conceal the conspirators' true purposes and thus facilitate the preparation for waging aggressive war, were conducted on an ambitious scale. I offer into evidence document 003-PS, which is entitled " A Short Report on the Activities of the APA of the NSDAP". It is USA Exhibit 603. The last paragraph on page 5 of the translation describes the press activities as follows:
"The Press Division of the APA is comprised of persons who together master all the languages that are in use.
Daily they of the Important trends of the entire world press.
I know that them.
The Press Division furthermore conducts an exact archives on exact archives on the most important journalists of the world.
avoided had one consulted these archives. Further, the Press the various official representatives of Germany". And then, "Hearst then personally asked me to often write about the position of German Foreign Policy in his papers.
This year five continuous articles under my name have appeared in Hearst papers all over the world. Since these articles, as Hearst personally informed me, he presented well-founded argument. He begged me to write further articles for his paper". That is, Rosenberg used his foreign policy office to influence world opinion on behalf of National Socialism. of this document that the Rumanian anti-Semitic leader, Cuza, followed his suggestions as (in Rosenberg's words) "he had recognized in me an unyielding anti-Semite." We will hear more of this affair shortly. in a single document. This is the principal document to which I will refer in this phase of the case against Rosenberg. This document bears our No. 007-PS and is entitled "Report on the Activities of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Party from 1933 to 1943". It is signed by Rosenberg. Portions of Annex one, attached to the report, have already been read into evidence as British Exhibit GB-84. The body of the report and Annex two have not been referred to heretofore. As will be seen the document contains a recital of widespread activities in foreign countries. These activities range from the promotion of economic penetration, to fomentation of anti-Semitism; from cultural and political infiltration to the instigation of treason. Activities were carried on throughout the world and extended to such widely separated points as the Middle East and Brazil.
Much of the APA's achievements were brought about through the subtle explooitation of personal relationships. Reading from the middle of the first paragraph on page two of the translation, which refers to activities in Hungary, we learn that:
"The first foreign state visit after the seizure of power took place through the mediation of the Foreign Affairs Bureau. Julius Gombes, who in former years had himself pursued anti-Semitic and racial tendencies, had reached the Hungarian Premier's chair. The Bureau maintained a personal connection with him." source of food imports to the Balkans, as stated in paragraph 3 on page 2 of the translation: I quote:
"Motivated by reasons of War Economy, the Bureau advocated the transfer of raw material purchases from overseas to the areas accessible by overland traffic routes." the source of food imports, particularly fruit and vegetable imports to the Balkans as a result of the Bureau's activities. ing to the report, to "observation of existing conditions" - a phrase which may have broad connotations - and "to the establishment of relations, especially of a commercial nature." in addition to promoting cultural relations, I quote from the middle of the third paragraph on page 3.
"The Bureau's initiative in developing with the help of commercial circles, entirely new methods for the economic penetration of Iran found expression, in an extraordinarily favorable way, in reciprocal trade relations. Naturally, in Germany, too, this initiative encountered a completely negative attitude and resistance on the part of the competent state authorities, an attitude that at first had to be overcome. In the course of a few years, the volume of trade with Iran was multiplied fivefold and in 1939 Iran's trade turnover with Germany had attained first first place."
THE PRESIDENT: Well, now Mr. Brudno, will you kindly explain to the Tribunal how the paragraph that you just read bears upon the guilt of Rosenberg on this trial?
MR. BRUDNO: If Your Honor please, we submit that the conspirators used as one of the tools of conspiracy, the economic penetration of those countries which they deemed strategically necessary to have within the Axis orbit. The activities of Rosenberg in the field of foreign trade contributed materially, we submit, to the advancement of the conspiracy, as charged in the Indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: Are you suggesting that it is a crime to try and stimulate trade in foreign countries?
MR. BRUDNO: If Your Honor please, the expression of ideological opinions or the advancement of foreign trade do not, in themselves, constitute a crime, we agree.
THE PRESIDENT: There is nothing here about ideological considerations. It is simply a question of trade.
MR. BRUDNO: Further on, Your Honor, he mentions the cultural activities.
THE PRESIDENT: I was confining myself, in order to try to get on, to the particular paragraph that you had just cited.
MR. BRUDNO: I see, Your Honor. We are merely trying to show, Sir, that the Germans used the foreign trade weapon as a material part of the conspiratorial program.
THE PRESIDENT: As I have said before, it is not possible for me or for any member of this Tribunal to conduct the case of the Prosecution for them. We can only tell them when we think they are being irrelevant and cumulative and ask them to try to cut down their presentation. It is for you to cut it down.
MR. BRUDNO: Rosenberg goes on to state, if Your Honor please, at page 3 of the translation, that.
"Afghanistan's neutral position today is largely due to the Bureau's activity."
In connection with Arabia, he says:
"The Arab question, too, became part of the work of the Bureau.
In spite of England's tutelage of Iraq, the Bureau established a series of connections to a number of leading personalities of the Arab world, smoothing the way for strong bonds to Germany, In this connection, the growing influence of the Reich in Iran and Afghanistan did not fail to have repercussions in Arabia." outbreak of war, he was entitled to consider his task as terminated, and then he says, "The exploitation of the many personal connections in many lands can be resumed under a different guise." of the translation. This Annex deals with activities in Roumania. Here the APA's intrigue was more insidious, its interference in the internal affairs of a foreign nation more pronounced. After describing the failure of what Rosenberg terms a "basically sound anti-Semitic tendency", due to dynastic squabbles and party fights, Rosenberg describes the APA's influence in the unification of conflicting elements. I quote, beginning with the ninth line of the translation:
"What was lacking was the guiding leadership of a political personality. After manifold groping trials the Bureau believed to have found such a personality - the former Minister and poet, Octavian Goga. It was not difficult to convince this poet, pervaded by instinctive inspiration, that a Greater Roumania, though it had to be created in opposition to Vienna, could be maintained only together with Berlin. Nor was it difficult to create in him the desire to link the fate of Roumania with the future of the National-Socialist German Reich in good time. By bringing continuing influence to bear, the Bureau succeeded in inducing Octavian Goga as well as Professor Cuza to amalgamat the parties under their leadership on an Anti-Semitic basis. Thus they could carry on with united strength the struggle for Roumania's renascence internally and her Anschluss with Germany externally. Through the Bureau's initiative both parties, which had heretofore been known by distinct names were merged as the National Christian Party, under Goga's leadership and with Cuza as Honorary President."
Rosenberg's man, Goga, was supported by two splinter parties, which had not joined the anti-Semitic trend, and Rosenberg states:
"Through intermediaries, the Bureau maintained constant contact with both tendencies."
the King in December, 1937. The pernicious influence of Rosenberg's ideology had achieved a major triumph, for he states:
"Thus a second government on racial and anti-Semitic foundations had completely impossible."
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Brudno, I think the Tribunal are satisfied that and we don't require any further detailed proof of that, and we are also
BR. BRUDNO: Certainly, Your Honor. We feel that if the Tribunal is
THE PRESIDENT: Subject, as I said, to anything that Rosenberg may
MR. BRUDNO: Surely, I'd merely like to conclude with the statement primarily responsible for Roumania's joining the Axis.
It was a vital link in Germany's chain of military strategy.
I would further like to call to Your Honor's attention the evidence Rosenberg.
We have seen how he aided the Nazi rise to power and directed I'll now offer proof of his responsibility for the planning and execution the occupied East, which he administered for over three years.
These areas I'll not endeavor here to chronicle again the tale of mass murder, spoliation and brutality.
We feel that that has already been sufficiently these crimes on other agencies and on other defendants.
The evidence will cution of which crimes were committed; that the crimes were committed for the most part by persons and agencies within his jurisdiction and control;knowledge; and, finally, his Ministry lent full cooperation to their acti Soviet Union.
On that date he was designated by Hitler as Commissioner for military plans for aggression.
They also show that he understood his 146.
This document indicated the cooperation of the following agencies.
and solicited by Rosenberg. The agencies are as follows:
Rosenberg in his capacity as Commissioner on Eastern Question, before the attack on the Soviet Union, before he was appointed as Reich Minister for the Occupied Easter, in fact, before there was any Occupied East for Germany to administer.
I would like to refer briefly to some of Rosenberg's basic attitudes regarding his new task and the directives which he knew he would be expected to follow. PS, previously introduced as USA Exhibit 278, Rosenberg stated that: "A general treatment is required for the Jewish problem for which a temporary solution will have to be determined (forced labor for the Jews, creation of Ghettos, et cetera.)" in the Occupied Eastern Territories. These instructions are found in Document 1030-PS, previously introduced as USA Exhibit 144. The last paragraph, which has not been called to your Honors' attention, reads as follows:
"From the point of viewof cultural policy, the German Reich is in a position to promote and direct national culture and science in many fields. It will be necessary that in some territories an uprooting and resettlement of various racial stocks will have to be effected." Rosenberg directs that the Ostland be transformed into a part of the Greater German Reich by Germanizing racially possible elements, colonizing Germanic races aid banishing undesirable elements. will recall he stated the job of feeding Germans was the top of Germany's claim on the East; that there was no obligation to feed the Russian peoples; that this was a harsh necessity bare of any feelings; that a very extensive evacuation will be necessary; and that the future will hold many hard years in store for the Russians. This speech, your Honours, is in the record as Document 1058-PS, USA Exhibit 147.
On July 4, 1941, still prior to Rosenberg's appointment as Reich Minister for the Occupied East, a representative of Rosenberg's bureau attended a conference on the subject of utilization of labor, and especially of the labor of Soviet prisoners of war. Document 1199-PS is a memorandum of this conference, and I offer it into evidence as USA Exhibit 604. Itstates that the participants were, among others, representatives of the Commissioner for the Four Year Plan, of the Reich Labor Ministry, of the Reich Food Ministry, and of the Rosenberg Bureau. The first sentence states, and I quote:
"After an introduction by Lt. Col. Dr. Krull, Lt. Col. Breyer of the P.W. Department explained that actually there was in effect a prohibition by the Fuehrer against bringing Russian P.W.'s into the Reich for mobilization of labor, but that one might count on this prohibition being relaxed a little."
The last paragraph records that, and I quote:
"The Chairman summarized the results of the discussion as indicating that all the interested bureaus unqualifiedly advocated and supported the demand for utilization of P.W.'s because of manpower needs in the Reich."
On July 16, 1941, the day before Rosenberg's appointment as Minister of the Occupied East, he attended a conference at the Fuehrer's headquarters, the minutes of which have been introduced as Document L-221, USA Exhibit 317, At that time Hitler stated "The Crimea has to be evacuated by all foreigners and to be settled by Germans alone."
He further stated that Germany's objectives in the East were three-fold, first, to dominate it; second, to administer it; third, to exploit it. Occupied East was well established before Rosenberg took office as Minister. He knew of these plans and was in accord with them. Persecution of the Jews, forced labor of prisoners of war, Germanization and exploitation, were al basic points of policy which Rosenberg knew of at the time he assumed office. Eastern Territories. The decree by which he was appointed is in evidence as Document 1997-PS, USA Exhibit 319.
of responsibility which existed within the Ministry for the Occupied East.
show that Rosenberg was not merely straw man. He was the supreme authority with full control.
Document 1056-PS is a mimeographed treatise, entitled, "The Organization of the Administration of the Occupied Eastern Territories." It is undated and unsigned, but we can obtain further information regarding it by reference to EC-347, which is Goering's "Green Folder," already introduced in evidence as USA Exhibit 320. and I quote: "Excerpts from the Directives of the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories for the Civilian Administration," and then in parenthesis, "Brown Folder, Part I, Pages 25 to 30." at the top of Page 9 of the translation of Document 1056-PS. Thus Document 1056-PS is identified as being a mimeograph of Part I of the Brown Folder which was mentioned in the Green Folder, and was issued by the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
I now offer Document 1056-PS as USA Exhibit 605. I offer this document for the purpose of proving from the directives issued by the Rosenberg Ministry itself the extent of Rosenberg's authority; that he was the supreme civilian authority in the Eastern Territories. The document will show that there was a continuous chain of command from Rosenberg down to the regional administrative officials, a chain of command which extended even to the local prison warden. Rosenberg Ministry and other German agencies, a relationship which varied from full control by Rosenberg to frull cooperation with them, made mandatory by his directives and by Hitler's orders. Ministry were required to submit periodic reports of the situation within their jurisdiction, so that the numerous reports of unspeakable brutality which Rosenberg received, and which are already in the record, were submitted to him pursuant to his orders.
The first paragraph of this significant document states as follows:
"The newly occupied Eastern Territories are subordinated to the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. By directions of the Fuehrer he establishes a civil administration there upon withdrawal of the military administration. He heads and supervises the entire administration of this area and represents the sovereignty of the Reich in the occupied Eastern Territories."
At the top of Page 2 of the translation is stated, and I quote:
"To the Reich Ministry is assigned a deputy of the Reich Leader SS and Chief of the German Police in the Reich Ministry of the Interior." sibility of the Reich Commissars as, and I quote:
"In the Reich Commissariats, Reich Commissars are responsible for the entire civil administration under the supreme authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. According to the instructions of the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, the Reich Commissar, as a functionary of the Reich, heads and supervises, within his precincts, the entire civil administration, Within the scope of these instructions he acts on his own responsibility."
And then the chain of command is outlined: Subordinate offices, General Commissariats, Main Commissariats, District Commissariats, etc. again:
"The Higher SS-and Police Leader is directly subordinated to the Reich Commissar. However, the Chief of Staff has the general right to secure information from him also.
"Great stress is to be placed on close cooperation between him, the Chief of Staff, and the other main department heads of the Office of the Reich Commissar, particularly with the one for policies."
THE PRESIDENT: I am told that the French translation is not coming through.
MR. BRUDNO: To disgress from this document a moment, I ask that the Court take judicial notice of the decree signed by Rosenberg, dated July 17, 1941, and found in the Verordnungsblatt of the Reich Minister for the Occupied East, 1942, number 2, pages 7 and 8. on crimes committed by non-Germans in the East.