decrees cited. went still another weapon wielded by the Party and the Party controlled State. These were the openly sponsored and official anti-Jewish boycotts against Jews. I now offer Document 2409-PS, the published diary of Joseph Goebbels, and I invite the Court's attention to page 290, where, under date of 29 March 1933, he wrote -- the Court will find the quotation on the top of page 1 of the translation of 2409:
"The boycott appeal is approved by the entire cabinet." first sentence of paragraph 5:
"We are having a last discussion among a very small circle and decide that the boycott is to start tomorrow with all severity." Ley and others, were members of a central committee who conducted the 1933 boycott against the Jews. Their names are listed in Document 2156-PS, National Socialist Party correspondence, 29 March 1933, U. S. Exhibit 263.
As early as 1933, violence against the Jews was undertaken. Raids were conducted by uniformed Nazis on services within synagogues. Attending members of the synagogues were assaulted and religious insignia and emblems were desecrated. A report of such an occurrence was contained in an official dispatch from the American Consul General in Leipzig, dated 3 April 1943.
THE PRESIDENT: What do you refer to 2156 for?
MAJOR WALSH: Only, sir, to show the names of the Defendants Streicher and Frank as members of the boycott committee.
THE PRESIDENT: I see.
MAJOR WALSH: Document 2709 has been given U. S. Exhibit number 265.
From paragraph 1 of page 1, I quote:
"In Dresden several weeks ago uniformed Nazis raided the Jewish prayer house, interrupted the evening religious service, arrested 25 worshippers, and tore the holy insignia or emblems from their headcovering worn while praying."
German press, the Defendant Streicher and Mayor Liebel of Nurnberg revealed in advance to the gathered members of the press that the Nurnberg synagogue was to be destroyed.
I offer in evidence Document 1724-PS, U. S. Exhibit 266, which is minutes of this meeting, dated 4 August 1938. From page 1, paragraph 4 of the original, I quote the translation before the Court:
"The breaking up of the synagogue (information must still be secret) "On August 10, 1938 at 10 o'clock a.m., the breakup of the synagogues will commence.
Gauleiter Julius Streicher will personally set the crane into motion with which the Jewish symbols, Star of David, etc., will be torn down. This should be arranged in a big way. Closer details are still unknown." 11 August 1938, U. S. Exhibit 267, paragraph 1 of the translation before the Court:
"In Nurnberg the Synagogue is being demolished; Julius Streicher himself inaugurates the work by a speech lasting more than an hour and a half. By his order then -- so to speak as a prelude of the demolition -- the tremendous Star of David came off the cupola." tions, but were directed and ordered from a centralized headquarters in Berlin. This is established by a series of teletype messages sent by the Berlin Secret State Police Headquarters to police chiefs throughout Germany on 10 November 1938, which contained instructions pertaining to the prearranged demonstration. U. S. Exhibit 240. I shall quote the relevant part of one of these confidential orders signed by Heydrich, the translation before the Court, the last half of page 2.
THE PRESIDENT: 2051?
MAJOR WALSH: 3051, sir, I'm sorry.
"Because of the attempt on the life of the Reich.
The following instructions are given on how to treat these events:
"1) The Chiefs of the State Police, or organization of the demonstrations.
At these
a) Only such measures should be taken which (For instance synagogues are to be burned down surroundings).
b) Business and private apartments of Jews may be destroyed but not looted.
The of this order and to arrest looters."
Party and of the State. The flame of prejudice has now been lighted and fanned.
The German people have been to a large degree indoctrinated, and the seeds of hatred have been sown.
The German opinion can now safely be ignored.
Already they have forced out of Germany 200,000 of its original 500,000 Jews.
The Nazi controlled the aggressive wars already planned casts about for a "whipping boy" yet to come.
The speech before the Reichstag on 30th January, 1939, is set forth in document No. 2663-PS, which I now offer in evidence as U.S.A. Exhibit 268.
I quote-
THE PRESIDENT: What is the number please?
MAJOR WALSH: 2663-PS-a very short extract, Sir. "If the obliteration of the Jewish race in Europe."
THE PRESIDENT: We will adjourn for ten minutes.
(Whereupon a recess was taken from 15.35 to 15.45.)
THE PRESIDENT: Major Walsh, it would, I think, assist the you see, rather more clearly and slowly.
You see, the United States us the PS number; I am not sure it would Anyhow, if you would go a
MAJOR WALSH: Yes, Your Honor.
"Schwarze Korps," expressed similar sentiments on August 8th, 1940.
I offer in evidence document 2668-PS; this is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 269, page 2 of the original and the full excerpt before the Court "Just like the Jewish question will be solved peace without Jews."
to voice the same views. The Defendant Rosenberg wrote for the publication "World Struggle."
I offer in evidence document 2665-PS,
U.S.A. Exhibit No. 270. This publication, Nos. 1 and 2, April and September, 1941, page 71 of the original reads:
"The Jewish continent."
The Court will recall Justice Jackson's reference to the and I quote from document 2233-PS, U.S.A. Exhibit No. 271, bottom of page 1 of the translation:
"Of course, I could not eliminate all lice and Jews in only a year's time.
But in the course of time, and above all, if you will help me, this end will be attained."
THE PRESIDENT: I forgot to say, Major Walsh, it would help us
MAJOR WALSH: Yes, Sir, I shall do that.
record to date. We find that the Nazi Party and the Nazi-dominated acts, clearly expressed their intent:
the Jew must be eliminated.
How do they now progress to the accomplishment of this purpose?
conquered territories. For example, within Germany registration was required by decree (Reichsgesetzblatt Part I, 1938, page 922, 23 July, signed by the Defendant Frick); within Austria (Reichsgesetzblatt, Volume 1, 1940, page 694, 29 April); within Poland (Kurjer Krakowski, 24 October, 1939); in France (Journal Official No. 9, page 92, 30 September, 1940); in Holland (Verordnungsblatt, No. 16, 10 January, 1941, signed by the Defendant Seyss-Inquart). restricted areas, called ghettos. This policy was carefully worked out and perhaps the confidential statement taken from the files of the Defendant Rosenberg will best serve as an illustration.
I offer in evidence a copy of memorandum from Defendant Rosenberg's file, entitled "Directions for Handling of the Jewish Question", Document 212-PS, U.S.A. Exhibit 272. I quote from the top of page 2 of the translation before the Court;
"The first main goal of the German measures must be strict segregation of Jewry from the rest of the population. In the execution of this, first of all, is the seizing of the Jewish population by the introduction of a registration order and similar appropriate measures--"
And then, on the second page, in the second paragraph, I continue:
"--all rights of freedom for Jews are to be withdrawn. They are to be placed in ghettos and at the same time are to be separated according to sexes. The presence of many more or less closed Jewish settlements in White Ruthenia and in the Ukraine makes this mission easier. Moreover, places are to be chosen which make possible the full use of the Jewish manpower in case labor needs are present. These ghettos can be placed under the supervision of a Jewish self-government with Jewish officials. The guarding of the boundaries between the ghettos and the outer world, is, however, the duty of the Police.
"Also, in the cases in which a ghetto could not yet be established, care is to be taken through strict prohibitions and similar suitable measures that a further intermingling of blood of the Jews and the rest of the populace does not continue".
Regions, issued directions confining the Jews to ghettos in the Ukraine.
I offer in evidence Document 1028-PS, U.S.A. Exhibit 273, and from the first sentence of the translation before the Court, I read:
"After the customary removal of Jews from all public offices, the Jewish question will have to have a decisive solution; through the institution of ghettos." isolated instances, nor the acts of one individual. It was the expressed State policy. Defendant von Schirach played his part in the program of ghettoization. I offer in evidence document 3048-PS, U.S.A. Exhibit No, 274. Before the Court is a full translation of that what I wish to quote: The Defendant Von Schirach spoke before the European Youth Congress held in Vienna on 14th September, 1942, and from page 2, column 2 of the Vienna edition of the "Voelkischer Boebachter" of 15th September, I quote:
"Every Jew who exerts influence in Europe is a danger to European culture.
If anyone reproaches me with having driven from this East, I feel myself compelled to reply:
I see in this an action contributing to European culture."
One of the largest ghettos was within the City of Warsaw. The original report made by SS Major General Stroop converning this ghetto is entitled "The Warsaw is No More." I now offer in evidence at this time, if the Court please, and request leave to refer to it later on in this presentation, U.S.A. Exhibit No. 275, 1061-PS, top of page 3, of translation, document 1061-PS:
"The Ghetto thus established in Warsaw was inhabited by about 400,000 Jews."
THE PRESIDENT: The second paragraph. It is the second paragraph isn't it?
MAJOR WALSH: The second paragraph, yes.
"It contained 27,000 apartments with an average of 2 1/2 rooms spaces etc.
," the fact that an average of six persons lived in every room. Himmler received a report from the SS Brigade Fuehrer Group A, dated 15 October 1941, which further illustrates the establishment and operation of the ghettos. I offer document L-180 in evidence as U.S.A. Exhibit No. 276. The translation, if the court please, is from the second paragraph from the bottom of page 9, document L-180:
"Apart from organizing and carrying out measures of execution, during the first day of operations.
This was especially urgent of 152,400."
And from the last paragraph on page 9 continuing to page 10 I quote:
"In Riga the so-called 'Mokau Suburb' was designated as a ghetto.
inhabited by Jews. The transfer of the Jews into the ghetto is very crowded.
24,000 of the 28,000 Jews living in Riga have been transferred into the ghetto so far.
In creating the ghetto, were left to Civil Administration; the Labor Officers were left in "In the other towns with a larger Jewish population ghettos shall "be established likewise."
Jews were forced into ghettos in the Polish Province of Galicia. No words in my vocabulary could describe quite so adequately the conditions as those contained in the report from Katzmann, Lt. General of Police to Krueger, General of the Police East, dated 20 June 1943, entitled "Solution of Jewish Question in Galicia." I offer document L-18 in evidence as USA Exhibit No. 277. From the translation, if the Court please, we will begin with the last three sentences on page 11, that is, the last three sentences prior to the word nothing, which is there on the page, "Nothing but catastrophical conditions were found in the ghettos of Rawa-Ruska and Rohatyn."
THE PRESIDENT: Where is this?
MAJOR WALSH: This story is on page 11, it would be about eight lines above the ending, or bottom of the page; the story beginning with the words "Nothing but catastrophical conditions."
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
"The Jews of Rawa-Ruska, fearing the evacuation, had concealed those suffering from spotted fever in underground holes.
When from spotted fever lay about in this ghetto.
In order to destroy against spotted fever was called into action.
Thus we succeeded On page 19 of this same document, L-18, the last paragraph I wish to further quote.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
MAJOR WALSH: "Since we received more and more alarming reports on the measures to destroy the Jewish gangsterdom.
Special measures losses on cur side; we had to blow up, or to burn down several houses.
On this occasion the surprising fact arose that we were every kind of hiding places; they had committed suicide by taking On page 20 of this document, the third paragraph I read:
"Despite the extraordinary burden heaped upon every single SS the last day."
without profit. The-author of this report on the 9th page of this translated copy stated, and I quote the last paragraph:
"Together with the evacuated action, we executed the confisca tion of Jewish property.
Very high amounts' were confiscated and paid over to the Special Staff "Reinhard". Apart from furniture, and turned over to Special Staff 'Reinhard."
and listed under this confiscation;
20.952 kilograms of gold wedding rings. and of the money confiscated, but the foregoing is cited to illustrate the thoroughness of the looting of a defenseless people, even to the 11.73 kilograms of gold teeth and inlays.
crowded into fifty-five localities, whereas before the German invasion there had been approximately 1,000 Jewish settlements within this same area. This is reported in the 1942 official gazette for the General Government, No. 94, page 665, 1 November 1942. furnished a reservoir for slave labor. It is believed pertinent at this time to point out the difference between the slave labor and labor duty. The latter group were entitled to reasonable compensation, stated work hours, medical care and attention, and other social security measures, while the former were granted none of these advantages, being in fact, on a level below a slave. Territories, set up within his organization a department which, among other things, was to seek a solution for the Jewish problem by means of forced labor. His plans are contained in another document, 1024PS, which I now offer in evidence, U. S. Exhibit 278. document entitled "General Organizations and tasks of cur Office for the General Handling of Problems in the Eastern Territory." This is dated 29 April 1941. This brief excerpt reads as follows:
"A general treatment is required for the Jewish problem for which a temporary solution will have to be determined (forced labor for the Jews, creation of Ghettos, etc.)."
should be effected and utilized for every manual labor, and I refer to document 212-PS, already in evidence, U.S. Exhibit No.272, from page 3 of this document, paragraph 5 and paragraph 7. I quote paragraph 7:
"The standing rule that Jewish labor employment in the complete and unyielding use of Jewish manpower regardless of age in the reconstruction of the occupied eastern territories," And from paragraph 7 of the same page I read:
"Violations against German measures, especially against the forced labor regulations, are to be punished by death to the Jews." concentration area. Here the usable Jews were screened from those considered worthless. For example, a contingent of 45,000 Jews would be expected to yield 10.000 to 15,000 usable laborers. My authority for this statement is contained in a RSHA telegram to Himmler, marked "urgent" and "secret", dated 16 December 1942.
I offer this document, 1472-PS, in evidence, U.S. Exhibit 279, and from the translation before the Court I read the last four lines:
"In the total of 45,000 are included physically handicapped and others (old Jews and children). In making a distribution for this purpose, at least 10,000 to 15,000 laborers will be available when the Jews arriving at Auschwitz are assigned." Police Katzmann to General of the Police East, Krueger, already in evidence, U.S. Exhibit 277, we find the clearly outlined nature of the forced labor situation for the'Jews. On page 2 of the translation, starting with paragraph 6, I read:
"The best remedy consisted of the formation, by the SS and Police Leader of Forced Labor Camps. The best opportunity for labor was offered by the necessity to complete the 'Dg.4' road which was extremely important and necessary for the whole of the southern part of the front, and which was in a catastrophically bad condition. On October 15th 1941, the establishment of camps along the road was commenced, and despite considerable difficulties "there existed, after a few weeks only, seven camps containing 4,000 Jews," From page 2, paragraph 7, I read:
"Soon more camps followed these first ones, so that after a very short time the completion of fifteen camps of this kind could be reported to the Superior leader of SS and Police. In the course of time about 20,000 Jewish laborers passed through these camps. Despite the hardly imaginable difficulties occurring at this work I can report today that about 160 kilometers of the road are completed."
And from page 2, paragraph 8, I read:
"At the same time ail other Jews fit for work were registered and distributed for useful work by the 'Labor agencies."
THE PRESIDENT: Don't you want the remainder of that paragraph on page 2?
MAJOR WALSH: It is such a lengthy document. I hesitated to burden the record with so much of it, and had extracted certain portions therefrom, but I shall be very glad to read it into the record.
THE PRESIDENT: "Then, for instance, the municipal Administration at Lwow had no success in their attempts to house the Jews within a closed district which would be inhabited only by Jews. This question, too, was solved quickly by the SS and Police Leaders through his subordinate officials."
MAJOR WALSH: That's right. With the Court's permission, I add that to the record.
Reading the last paragraph of page 2:
"When the Jews were marked by the Star of David, as well as when they were registered by the labor agencies, the first symptoms appeared in their attempts to dodge the order of the authorities. The measures which were introduced thereupon led to thousands of arrests. It became more and more apparent that the Civil Administration was not in a position to solve the Jewish problem in an approximately satisfactory manner. Then, for instance, the Municipal Administration at Lwow had no success in their attempts to house the Jews within a closed district which would be inhabited only by Jews.
This question, too, was solved quickly by the SS and Police Leaders through his subordinate officials. This measure became the more urgent as in the winter, 1941, big centers of spotted fever were noted in many parts of the town." 1, I read:
"During this removal of the Jews into a certain quarter of the town several sluices were erected at which all the work-shy and asocial Jewish rabble were caught during the screening and treated in a special way.
"Owing to the peculiar fact that almost 90% of artisans working in Galicia were Jews, the task to be solved could be fulfilled only step by step, since an immediate evacuation would not have served the interest of War Economy." with "cases were discovered":
"Cases were discovered where Jews, in order to acquire any certificate of labor, not only renounced all wages, but even paid money themselves. Moreover, the organizing of Jews for the benefit of their employers grew to such catastrophical extent that it was deemed necessary to interfere in the most energetic manner for the benefit of the German name.
"Since the Administration was not in a position and showed itself too weak to master this chaos, the SS and Police Leader simply took over the entire disposition of labor for Jews. The Jewish labor agencies, which were manned by hundreds of Jews, were dissolved. All certificates of labor given by firms or administrative offices were declared invalid, and the cards given to the Jews by the labor agencies were revalidated by the police offices by stamping them.
"In the course of this action, again, thousands of Jews were caught who were in possession of forged certificates or who had obtained, surreptitiously, certificates of labor by all kinds of pretexts. These Jews also were exposed to special treatment."
the showing of a very short motion picture, perhaps one of the most unusual exhibits that will be presented during the tria With the Court's permission I would like to call upon Commander Donovan to assist.
THE PRESIDENT: Need we adjourn for it or not?
MAJOR WALSH: No, sir. The movie itself is very, very short, sir.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well.
COMMANDER DONOVAN: May it please the Tribunal, the United States now offers in evidence Document No. 3052-PS, United States Exhibit No. 280, entitled, "Original German eight-millimeter Film of Atrocities against Jews." SS, and captured by the United States military forces in an SS barracks near Augsburg, Germany, as described in the affidavits now before the Tribunal. films were made, but we believe that to be immaterial. almost incredible brutality to Jewish people in the custody of the Nazis, including German military units. a ghetto by Gestapo agents, assisted by military units. And, as the other evidence to be presented by the Prosecution will indicate, the scene presented to the Tribunal is probably one which occurred a thousand tines all over Europe under the Nazi rule of terror.
This film was made on an eight-millimeter home camera. We have not wished even to reprint it, and so shall present the original, untouched film captured by our troops. The pictures obviously were taken by an amateur photographer. Because of this, because of the fact that part of it is burned, because of the fact that it runs for only one and one-half minutes, and because of the confusion on every hand shown on this film, we do not believe that the Tribunal can properly view the evidence if it is shown only once. We therefore ask the Tribunal's permission to project the film twice, which we did before defense counsel.
This is a silent film. The film has been made available to all defense counsel, and they have a copy of the supportingaffidavits, duly translated.
(Whereupon the film referred to was shown.) say that attached to the affidavits offered in evidence is a description of every picture shown in this film. And, with the Tribunal's permission, I wish to read a few selections from that at this time, before again projecting the film, in order to direct the Tribunal's attention to certain of the scenes.
Scene 2: A naked girl running across the courtyard.
Scene 3: An older woman being pushed past the camera, and a man in SS uniform standing at the right of the scene.
Number 5: A man with a skull cap and a woman are manhandled.
Number 14: A half-naked woman runs through the crowd.
Number 15: Another half-naked woman runs out of the house.
Number 16: Two men drag an old man out.
Number 18: A man in German military uniform, with his back to the camera, watches.
Number 24: A general shot of the street, showing fallen bodies and naked women running.
Number 32: A shot of the street, showing five fallen bodies.
Number 37: A man with a bleeding head is hit again.
Number 39: A soldier in German military uniform, with a rifle, stands by as a crowd centers on a man coming out of the house.
Number 44: A soldier with a rifle, in German military uniform, walks past a woman clinging to a torn blouse.
Number 45: A woman is dragged by her hair across the street.
(At this point the film referred to above was re-run). 8 mm. film.
MAJOR WILLIAM L. WALSH: It is difficult from this point to follow the thread of chronological order or a topical outline. So numerous are the documents and so appalling the contents that in this brief recital, the Prosecution will make no effort to itemize the criminal acts. Selected documents, however, will unfold the crimes infull detail. ultimate aim, that is, the extermination of the Jewish people, I now turn to that fertile source of evidence, the diary of Hans Frank, then Governor General of Occupied Poland.
In a cabinet session on Tuesday, 16 December 1941 in the Government Building at Cracow, the defendant Frank made a closing address to the session. I offer now in evidence that part of the document number 2233D-PS, USA Exhibit No. 281, identified CV 1941, October to December, and from Page 76, line 10 to page 77, line 33 of the original and of the entire translation before the Court, marked 2233D-PS. I quote:
"As far as the Jews are concerned, I want to tell you quite frankly that they must be done away with in one way or another. The Fuehrer said once: should united Jewry again succeed in provoking a world-war, the blood of not only the nations which have been forced into the war by them, will be shed, but the Jew will have found his end in Europe. I know that many of the measures carried out against the Jews in the Reich at present are being criticized. It is being tried intentionally, as is obvious from the reports on the morale, to talk about cruelty, harshness, etc. Before I continue, I want to beg you to agree with me on the following formula:
We will principally have pity on the German people only, and nobody else in the whole world. The others, too, had no pity on us. As an old National-Socialist, I must say: This war would only be a partial success if the whole lot of Jewry would survive it, while we would have shed our best blood in order to save Europe. My attitude towards the Jews will, therefore, be based only the expectation that they must disappear. They must be done away with. I have entered negotiations to have them deported to the East. A great discussion concerning that question will take place in Berlin in January, to which I am going to delegate the State - Secretary Dr. Buehler. That discussion is to take place in the Reich Security Main Office with SS-Lt. General Heydrich. A great Jewish migration will begin, in any case.
"But what should be done with the Jews? Do you think they will be settled down in the 'Ostland', in villages? This is what we were told in Berlin: Why all this bother? We can do nothing with them either in the 'Ostland' nor in the 'Reichkommissariat'. So liquidate them yourself.
"Gentlemen, I must ask you to rid yourself of all feeling of pity. We must annihilate the Jews, wherever we find them and wherever it is possible, in order to maintain there the structure of the Reich as a whole. This will, naturally, be achieved by other methods than those pointed out by Bureau Chief Dr. Hummel. Nor can the judges of the Special Courts be made responsible for it, because of the limitations of the frame work of the legal procedure. Such outdated views cannot be applied to such gigantic and unique events. We must find at any rate a way which leads to the goal, and my thoughts are working in that direction.
"The Jews represent for us also extraordinarily malignant gluttons. We have now approximately 2,500,000 of them in the general government, perhaps with the Jewish mixtures and everything that goes with it, 3,500,000 Jews. We cannot shoot or poison those 3,500,000 Jews, but we shall nevertheless be able to take measures, which will lead, somehow, to their annihilation, and this in connection with the gigantic measures to be determined in discussions from the Reich.
The General Government must become free of Jews, the same as the Reich. Where and how this is to be achieved is a matter for the offices which we must appoint and create here. Their activities will be brought to your attention in due course." of an individual, but is the expression of the official of the German State, the appointed Governor General of Occupied Poland. The methods used to accomplish the annihilation of the Jewish people were varied, and although not subtle, were highly successful. actions of the defendant Rosenberg as one of the leaders and policy makers of the Nazi Party and German State. It is perhaps reasonable to assume that the defendant Rosenberg will claim for many of his actions that he pursued them pursuant to superior orders. I have before me, however, a captured document, No. 001-PS, marked secret, dated 13 December 1941 entitled "Documentary Memorandum for the Fuehrer - Concerning: Jewish Possessions in France," USA Exhibit No. 282. I dare say that no document before this Tribunal will more clearly evidence the defendant Rosenberg's personal attitude, his temperament and convictions toward the Jews more strongly than this memorandum, wherein he, on his own initiative, urges plundering and death. I offer in evidence document number 001-PS. The body of the memorandum reads as follows:
"In compliance with the order of the Fuehrer for protection of Jewish, cultural possessions, a great number of Jewish dwellings remained unguarded. Consequently, many furnishings have disappeared because a guard could, naturally, not be posted. In the whole East the administration has found terrible conditions of living quarters, and the chances of procurement are so limited that it is not practical to procure any more. Therefore, I beg the Fuehrer to permit the seizure of all Jewish home furnishings of Jews in Paris, who have fled or will leave shortly, and that of Jews living in all parts of the occupied West, to relieve the shortage of furnishings in the administration in the East.