At the bottom of page one of the original he says:
"The cause must therefore lie exclusively on the expenses side of the W-enterprises, i.e., the manufacturing costs are generally speaking too low compared with the normal expenses of other firms."
On the following page he says:
"There are two reasons for this:
"1) Members of the SS have been detailed for work in our W-enterprises.
"2) In many W-enterprises most of the workers are prisoners. The money which the enterprises have to pay to the Reich for each prisoner does not on the average correspond to the work done by a prisoner. If, e.g. the prisoner were replaced by a civilian worker the enterprise would normally have to pay a larger sum. The enterprises working with prisoners, therefore, save on wages, and this results in increased profits, which yet are not based on efficient management or good organization."
At page 4 of this document, just under "page 4 of the original", paragraph number two, Dr. Wiener says:
"The wages bill for a prisoner put at the disposal of the firm should be established, according to his actual achievements."
Then at the bottom of that page he gives an example:
"The profits of D.A.W. for 1944 amount to about RM 4,000,000. D.A.W. employes about 15,000 prisoners. Prisoners pay amounts to RM 3".
I might say that "prisoners' pay" should be in quotation marks because the pay was not paid to the prisoners out rather by the SS concerns to the staff of the WVHA, which theoretically was then turned over to the Reich, but a large part of it was actually kept by the WVHA."
"Prisoners' pay amounts to RM 3, or 1,50 per head per day. If the pay per prisoner per day only amounted to one Mark more--"
And here he is debating the advisability of increasing the charges for inmate labor:
"--the firm's wages for one year would be RM 4,500,000 more. Quite apart from the manager's wages, etc., D.A.W. would already show a loss of some RM 500,000."
Then he goes ahead to discuss the advisability of reducing the profit, at least on paper, of the industries, and he suggests that the wages, so-called wages, far prisoners be increased so that the profits will be decreased so that less will have to be turned over to the Reich officials.
THE PRESIDENT: Recess.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is in recess for fifteen minutes.
(A recess was taken.)
THE MARSHAL: Please take your seats.
Tribunal No. II is again in session.
MR. ROBBINS: The discussion we had before the recess concerning the handwritten note, and the problem there, I think we have cleared up. This is at page 32 of Document Book 14, and it is paragraph 24. The handwritten note is in the English copy; it is in parentheses, after the paragraph. It is "Dr. H. to be treated dilatorily", d-i-l-a-t-o-r-i-l-y. I don't think the point is of any importance, however. The English book is correct. I think the word was misspelled in the German. The words is "dilatorily." I think that the only document in the remainder of this book which I need to refer to specifieally is the document on page 37.
THE PRESIDENT: Do you want to offer the others?
MR. ROBBINS: I want to offer the others, but I think it is necessary to refer only to this one.
THE PRESIDENT: Let us have them offered in order, Mr. Robbins.
MR. ROBBINS: I should like to offer NO-527 as Exhibit 408. I might say that the balance of this book consists of documents. It is simply to show the correspondence back and forth between various members of Amtsgruppe W concerning the so-called prisoners wages. I don't think it is of any importance to establish what the wages were in each of the industries, although that is shown by the documents. They are presented primarily to show the knowledge on the part of the defendants mentioned in the documents - knowledge of the fact that inmate labor was being used in the "W" industries.
At page 29 I should like to offer Document NO-580as Exhibit 409; page 42, NO-503 as Exhibit -410; page 34, NO-530, as Exhibit 411; NO-529 as Exhibit 412.
NO-515 as Exhibit 413; NO-514 as Exhibit 414; Document NO-518 as Exhibit 415; Document No. NO-531 as Exhibit - at page 55NO-513 as Exhibit 416. I am sorry, it is 531
JUDGE SPEIGHT: What is the exhibit number?
MR. ROBBINS: Four hundred sixteen. At page 46, I offer NO-528 as Prosecution Exhibit 417. The following document, 507, has already been offered in evidence and is Exhibit 86 in Document Book No. IV. At page 50, I offer Document NO-509 as Exhibit 418. Page 53, NO-516 as Exhibit 419. At page 62, NO-653 as Exhibit 420. At page 65, NO405 as Exhibit 421. At page 68, NO-406 as Exhibit 422.
DR. FRITSCH (Attorney for the defendant Baier): If it please the Tribunal, unhappily, I must state here that I can not even follow the number of the pages here and I must apologize here if I come back to a document which has just been submitted; I don't know which exhibit number it has been given, Document 527.
MR. ROBBINS: That is at page 13.
DR. FRITSCH: On pages 34 and 35 of the German document book. I object to the submission of the file number on page 35 of the German text and point out that this by the heading must be a file note to enclosed draft concerning now wages for inmates. They are not in the files, is not signed, doesn't show a signature, nor has it got a file number and there is no way possible to identify who made this file note.
MR. ROBBINS: I believe the counsel is referring to the memorandum on page 14 of the English document book "Memorandum on the enclosed draft concerning now rates for prisoners", is that correct?
DR. FRITSCH: Yes, that's it.
MR. ROBBINS: I will ask Mr. Siebenschein to see if the original is signed. That is the memorandum headed, "Memorandum on the enclosed draft concerning the new rates of prisoners wages."
MR. SIEBENSCHEIN: No, it is not signed.
MR. ROBBINS: Will you show it to the court, please.
THE PRESIDENT: Is that the whole first document, page 14?
MR. ROBBINS: That is the way we found it, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: Where is it in the English document book?
MR. ROBBINS: It is at page 26 of Document Book No. 15.
THE PRESIDENT: I was trying to find it on page 14, and it didn't look anything like it. Well, it is an unsigned document, unidentified.
MR. ROBBINS: That is correct. That is the way we discovered it. I don't remember specifically about this document. I think it was found at the WVHA building in Berlin by Mr. Siebenschein and he tells me that is the way it was found in the basement of that building.
THE PRESIDENT: Then on what theory is it admissible as an official document?
MR. ROBBINS: As a captured document, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: I think, Counsel, on that theory it will have to be admitted, but the fact that it is not identified nor signed will be considered in determining what weight it is entitled be.
MR. ROBBINS: On that same page in the English Document Book, I might call the court's attention to the fact that in about the middle of the page "Pfeffermuehle" should be translated "pepper mill" in English. It's not an important point.
DR. FRITSCH: If the Tribunal please, "Peppemill" can be a name, the name of a man, for instance, and it can also be a factory. It can not be identified.
MR. ROBBINS: I don't think it's an important point.
THE PRESIDENT: Does it make any difference whether it is a man or a factory?
DR. FRITSCH: It could possibly become of some importance.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we'll determine whether it is a man or a building after it becomes important.
MR. ROBBINS: At page 68, I should like to offer NO406 as Document 422, Exhibit 422. The following document on the next page, NL-414, I should like to offer as Exhibit 423.
On the following page, page 70, I offer as Exhibit 424, Document No. NO-370. At page 72, I offer Document NO-375 as Exhibit 425, and the last document at page 76, NO-510, as Exhibit 426. I think there is one correction I should make. The third from the last document should be NO-379, that is, rather than 370, as Exhibit 424. I should like to call to the court's attention that the document on page 37 of the document book was Exhibit 413, Document NO-515. This is a memorandum which gives the industries which employ prison labor under Amtsgruppe W. The memorandum states that W-V and W-VIII were not checked at that time.
I should like to turn to Document Book No. 16. The first part of this book concerns the organization and function of Amtsgruppe W-I. Under W-I was the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerks, DEST. The first document is one dated 18 July 1940 and sets out the organization of the Dest. The first paragraph states "The Dest was declared to be a W-enterprise with memorandum of 27 April 1940 by the Reich Minister for labor, also including plants: Hamburg, Oranienburg, Weimar, Flossenburg, and Mauthausen." The defendant, Mummenthey was head of Amtsgruppe W-I and in charge of the Dest industry. Paragraph 8 states that "Motor cars are provided by the Reichsfuehrer-SS as well as spare parts, tires and fuel." Paragraph 10 "The Minister of Justice has, for reasons of fairness released us from all fees from case to case." Paragraph II, subparagraph "a", "Trucks, running with a SS-number for the DEST are free from taxes."
On page 6 an organizational chart is found. This also is a captured document which gives the organization of Office 3 which was the precursor of Amtsgruppe W. At page 7, there is found the statement "The enterprise is an agency of the Reichsfuehrer-SS.
Its task consists in the first line of concentration camps for the procurement of building material for a common benefit."
At page 18, I offer Document NO-1276 as Exhibit
THE PRESIDENT: You didn't give this a number.
MR. ROBBINS: I'm sorry. This is Exhibit 427.
At page 18, I offer Document NO-1276 as Exhibit 428. This is a letter from Defendant Mummenthey to Pohl, Chief of the WVHA, stating that the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke should remain an inmate enterprise. In the first paragraph he says, "In our capacity as managing director of the DEST, we still adhere to the principle that it would be advisable to keep the present form of this enterprise as a typical enterprise run on prison labor." Signed by Salpeter Mummenthey.
At page 19, I offer Document NO-1972 as Exhibit 426. This is a letter from the chief of - This consists of two letters, the first is from the leader of the exterior bureau I/5, signature by Grimm - the first two letters, GR - concerning the release of prisoners who are engaged in important work locations and addressed to the Manager, DAW and the DEST. He says, "Referring to the above reference letters of the Inspector of Concentration Camps, the main section I/5, exterior Bureau Buchenwald, request a report of those prisoners, who are occupied on important work locations and therefore, in case of an intended release, can not be immediately released or exchanged." The following letter, a part of that same document is from the DAW. The signature on that document is illegible. It is on the letterhead of the DAW and addressed to the Main Office, Budget, and Buildings, and refers to the fact that prisoners can not immediately be released in the event they are working on important work details."
The following document, NO-1273, I offer as Exhibit 430. This is at page 21. This is a memorandum from the Legal Department and states the purpose of the DEST at paragraph 6. "The exploitation of stone-quarries, the produce of natural stones, the production of bricks and clinker-stones, the undertaking of road-building, the operation of all the other affairs connected with the produce of stones and utilization of earth, and the undertaking of affairs or the participation in affairs which are suitable to promote the aforementioned purposes." It states that Pohl and the DWB are partners in the Dest. The manager is stated to be Mummenthey. The date, which is illegible on my copy at paragraph No. 4, sub-paragraph 2, SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Mummenthey since 20 September 1939, that is. Paragraph 11, the various plants under the DEST are listed, clinker works at Oranienburg, Hamburg, Weimar, Mauthausen, Flossenburg, Gross-Rosen, Natzweiler, and Oranienburg stone production works.
The following document at page 24, NO-1274, I offer as Exhibit 431. This is a report on the workers which were sent by the DEST to the DWB.
At page 26 of the English Document Book, page 3 of the document, page 2 of the original, I think, "the assignment of Detainees: there were occupied in a daily average:" and then for 1940 and 1941 various numbers are listed and up to May 1, 768.38. On the last page of the document other numbers of detainees working are given. The stamp at the bottom of the page is 11 June 1941.
At page 29, I offer Document NO-1022, as Exhibit 432.
This is a letter from Mummenthey to Hohberg regarding credit with the German Gold Bank. About the middle of the letter this statement is found: "In connection with the conferences at the time had been submitted the very detailed plans of the works Flossenburg. It is the same by Flossenburg, Mauthausen and other plants.
THE PRESIDENT: Who wrote this letter?
MR. ROBBINS: This is by Mummenthey. It is shown on the index, but it is now shown on the stencilled copy of the translation.
At page 31, I offer NO-1009 as Exhibit 433. This is initialed by Pohl. A small initial appears at the bottom of the page V, DV, presumably Volk, Dr. Volk. It states that Mummenthey will assume direction of Office W-I, and is dated 7 October 1941.
At page 32, I offer NO-789 as Exhibit 434. This is a memorandum by the DEST. This is a series of documents. The only one I wish to refer to is second one signed by the Defendant Sommer, dated 19 January 1942 concerning the employment of ethical German specialists at Oranienburg.
The following document NO-541 I offer as Exhibit 435. This is a chart which shows the turnover and staff of the DEST. The second part of the chart, the third column refers to prisoners employed and the numbers for the various months are given. This also is a captured document.
At page 39, I offer Document NO-1049 as Exhibit 436. This is a monthly report by Mummenthey to Bobermin on the DEST. The second page of the document, the reference is made to camp inmates and the various employment figures are given there at the bottom of the second page, a summary at the bottom of the third page, page 41 of the English Document Book. The balance of the document concerns the descriptions of the operations of the DEST for the months indicated there.
At page 51, I offer NO-1031 as Exhibit 437. This is a letter signed by Mummenthey addressed to Pohl, suggested that the WVHA take over a salt quarry and the DEST would run the quarry. The first paragraph reads, "In October 1942 the commandant of the CC Buchenwald, Pfister called my attention to the fact that a basalt-work in Roemhild near Hildburghausen could be bought or taken over as a leasehold", and at page 2 of the original he says, "Several experts were in favor of taking over the work at reasonable terms. Nevertheless I had to postpone the transfer for an indefinite period because Amt D II could not supply any prisoners or guards. The town of Roemhild therefore shut down on 1 January 1943." Then dropping down half a paragraph, the letter continues, "I therefore discussed the matter with Dr. Wolf on Friday, 25 June: He would agree to the following settlement: Dest is to start the operation of the work again and not the community of Roemhild. Dest can make use of its experience in managing concentration camp - abbreviation K L - establishmentsand offer its technically experienced staff. The mayor of Roemhild being not fully occupied with his job as a mayor and therefore willing to assume in addition the post as camp commander would be at the same time the work manager of the Dest. The Dest is to put at his side a man experienced in the broken stones industry either permanently or temporarily. At the bottom of the page he says, "Gestapo will back up the matter 100%." At the last paragraph, he says, "I am asking you for your approval on principle to this settlement", signed Mummenthey.
The balance of that paragraph is interesting. He says:
"In this connection may I point out that in this case DEST would not take over for the first time a work operated by prisoners who are no concentration camp prisoners: the gravel-work Treblinka in the Government General which is attached to the work Auschwitz is working with the prisoners of a camp which is not taking orders from the inspectorate in Oranienburg but from the Higher SS and Police Fuehrer in Warsaw. So far no adverse results have been noticeable."
The following document, NO 1029, at page 54 I offer as Prosecution Exhibit 438. This is a letter signed by Mummenthey. The stencil indicates it to be illegible. My notes indicate that it is initialed by Mummenthey. It is to Staff W. He says:
"I return the file 'agreement with the Reich concerning the allocation of prisoners' which was left with me for perusal."
The balance of the document consists of a letter. The signature is indicated to be illegible. The first paragraph says:
"Some time ago a contract regarding the allocations of prisoners was drawn up for signature by the Reich on the one hand and DEST on the other."
I should like to make a correction in the numbering here. This document has already been offered in evidence as Exhibit 65, so I'll cancel the number 438. This is Exhibit Number 65, Document Book III, page 141 of Book 3.
I offer the next document, NO 1028 on Page 56, as Exhibit 438. This is a letter from Mummenthey to Pohl regarding quarries operated W-1. He is asking for approval to increase the salary of the plant manager Walther, and in the letter he describes the extensive work which Walther is doing.
At Page 58 I offer NO 1027 as Exhibit 439. This is a letter from the defendant Baier to the SS and Police Leader Radom regarding the stone quarries at Blizyn. The first paragraph reads:
"I have been informed by the chief of the office W-IV, SS Sturmbannfuehrer Opperbeck, that you expressed yourself in the sense the stone quarry Blizyn was messed up and the output had decreased since it came under the management of Office W-1."Today during a survey of the plant DEST in Auschwitz I had the occasion to investigate and to establish whether the assertion proves correct in case it originates with you."
The last paragraph reads:
"I may suppose therefore that you will agree to my opinion that there is no reason to assume that the management in Blizyn had deteriorated since it has been taken over by the DEST."
THE PRESIDENT: Who wrote that?
MR. ROBBINS: This is by Baier, the defendant Baier.
I offer NO 1278 as Exhibit Number 440. This is a letter from Mummenthey to Baier giving the status of the diamond industry in Holland and making certain proposals regarding its operation.
At Page 63 I offer NO 2155 as Exhibit 441. This is another letter from Mummenthey giving a list of the W-enterprises employing concentration camp inmates. He says:
"The following plants and workships of my department are employing prisoners:"
And he lists 13 separate industries. It is addressed to Staff W.
At page 64 I offer NO 1220 as Exhibit 442. This is a monthly report on the Bohemia Ceramic Works, which is another industry under Amt W-1, and in Paragraph Number 4 the number of foreigners are indicated as being employed, and at one point in this document -Four, subparagraph 5, "prisoners 447" are indicated as being employed. At one point I thought that there was a number 5,245 prisoners indicated, but I can not find it now. That must be in a later document.
The balance of the documents in this book concern Amt W-a, which was under the defendant Bobermin.
The document at page 68, NO 1299, I offer as Exhibit 443.
I'd like to make a correction here. This has already been introduced as Exhibit Number 35 in Book Number II. This is a memorandum by Hohberg giving the scope of Office III-A, which was a precursor of W-2.
The following document at Page 70 I offer as Exhibit 443. This is Document NO 1012. It is a memorandum signed by Pohl, stating that Bobermin is appointed business manager of the Ostdeutsche Baustoffwerke, which is an enterprise under W-2. This is known in English as the Eastern German Works for Building Materials.
On the following page, page 71, I offer Document NO 1008 as Exhibit 444. This document consists of correspondence between Bobermin and Pohl dealing with the transfer of brick works in the East to racial Germans. I don't think that it is necessary to read any particular part of this document.
At Page 80 I offer NO-1004 as Exhibit 445. This is a letter from Bobermin to Pohl inviting him to the opening of the new works at Krubin. He says:
"The drying installations are completed, except for the fitting of ventilators and doors, which are being supplied by the SAW."
The last paragraph states:
"The opening ceremony and solemn starting of the works will presumably be carried out by SS Gruppenfuehrer Pohl, in view of the importance of the ceremony."
The pencilled note at the bottom:
"I can not attend the first celebration," with the initial P.
At Page 82 I offer NO 1018 as Exhibit 446. This is a certificate of identity for Bobermin, which is signed by Pohl and states that Bobermin is charged with discovering manufacturing firms for construction material. It says:
Bobermin "has been ordered by me to inspect the formerly Russian territories for plants producing building material and for places in which new factories may be built in order to provide Wehrmacht and SS agencies with the required building material for the construction of army installations and office buildings which are necessary for the defense of the Reich."
At Page 83 I offer NO 1013 as Exhibit 447. This is a letter from defendant Bobermin to Pohl regarding changes in the agreement of partnership for the Eastern German Works for Building Materials, Ltd.
At Page 85 I offer NO 1021 as Exhibit 448. This is a letter from Bobermin to Hohberg regarding the operation of certain brick kilns in Russia.
At Page 88 I offer NO 1006 as Exhibit 449. This is a letter from the defendant Bobermin to Pohl suggesting the operation of a brick work called Bonarka near Cracow. He says that the labor potential of the forced labor camp situated hear the factory should be effectively employed. The second page of the original states:
"The Hauptamtsschef takes the point of view that on principle we should come to the economical consolidation of the concern."
And he vetoes Bobermin's suggestion.
At Page 90 I offer NO 1280 as Exhibit 450. This is a certified copy from the Commercial Register-General, and it states that Bobermin is head of the Clinker Cement Works and Volk is procurist. It says: "The Obersturmfuehrer Trustee: Dr. Leo Volk, Berlin, has been given power of procuration."
At a little later date we will introduce evidence of the extent of the power of a procurist under the SS industries.
At page 93 I offer document NO 1015 as Exhibit 451. This is a letter from Bobermin to Hohberg regarding certain credits for the Clinker Cement Company.
At page 95 I offer NO 2162 as Exhibit 452.
The last document in the Book, NO 1279, I offer as Exhibit 453. It is a letter from Pohl to Bobermin releasing Bobermin as business manager of the Clinker works. I believe that it states that he is released for one year.
THE PRESIDENT: Four more books?
MR. ROBBINS: Yes, Your Honor. I believe that we can put those in tomorrow.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we'll tell by tomorrow night. We'll start until tomorrow morning at 9:30.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is recessed until 0930 hours tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon at 1630 hours, 24 April 1947, the Tribunal recessed until 0930 hours, 25 April 1947).
Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Oswald Pohl, et al, defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 25 April 1947, 0930 - 1630, Justice Robert M. Toms, presiding.
THE MARSHAL: Persons in the courtroom will please find their seats. The Honorable, The Judges of Military Tribunal II.
Military Tribunal II is now in session. God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal.
There will be order in the Court.
MR. ROBBINS: May it please the Tribunal, Document Book 17 is the last document book dealing with the SS industries.
DR. KLINERT: (Assistant of Dr. Gawlik for Defendants Volk and Bobermin) What book?
MR. ROBBINS: Book 17.
DR. KLINERT: I would like to come back to Exhibit 436 yesterday.
THE PRESIDENT: Wait a minute, what book is it in? Let's find out what he is talking about.
DR. KLINER: Document Book 16, in the German Document Book, Page 37.
MR. ROBBINS: Page 39, your Honor.
DR. KLINERT: It was stated yesterday that this document was a report about DEST, and it ran from Mummenthey to Bobermin, but in actual fact this document is a report to Staff W, attention of Dr. Hohberg. I would like to have it stated here to whom this report is addressed.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, the report shows on its face to whom it was addressed. It is to Staff W, attention Dr. Hohberg.
DR. KLINERT: Yes, quite, but yesterday it was stated that 1017 A this was a report addressed to Bobermin, which is what the index says.
THE PRESIDENT: Apparently the index is incorrect. The document shows on its face that it was addressed to Hohberg. We can read the document, and it speaks for itself.
MR. ROBBINS: Document book 17 is the last book dealing with the SS Industries. The Tribunal will recall that books 11, 12 and 13 dealt with slave labor, and books 14, 15 16 and 17 have dealt with the organization and structure and function of the SS Industries. It has not been possible to make an absolutely logical division between the slave labor books and the SS industry books because the two subjects are intermingled. However, they were separated because the slave labor books also dealt with the use of inmate labor, and Amtsgruppe C, and the construction details; also, the use of inmate labor; and Amtsgruppe A and B, and the assignment of innate labor by Amtsgruppe D. The books of the SS industries of B, designed to describe the functions and structure of Staff W, and Amtsgruppe W would be through W-8 and the SS Industries under Amtsgruppe W of the WVHA.
We will present to the Court briefs which will, I hope bring out the pertinent points in these various documents. There are only a few documents in book 17; the first one on page 1, NO-678, I offer as Prosecution Exhibit 443. This is a lengthy financial report on the DAW, and this series of documents deals with Amtsgruppe W-4 which included the DAW industry, the German equipment Works. At page two of the document, the object of the DAW is stated: (b) The "employment of workers in public funds. Workers idle for various reasons and unfit for employment in free enterprises."
Under "Company Capital," it is stated that Dr. Salpeter and the DWB are shareholders in the DAW, one of the managing directors.
It is stated on page 5 of the original, is Maurer -
Court No. 2 - Case No. 4
DR. HEIM(Counsel for the defendant Hohberg): May it please the Tribunal, I object to the admission of Document 786, Exhibit 443. This document does not show who drew it up, nor has it been signed by anybody at all. The Prosecution should, at least, have given us information on where they got the document.
MR. ROBBINS: This is, according to the certificate attached to the document, found in the Berlin Document Center. It is true that the document is not signed. However, it is one of the captured documents, and found in the WVHA files.
THE PRESIDENT: As a captured document it is admissible. The fact that it is not signed will be considered as bearing upon its weight.
DR. HEIM: Thank you very much.
MR. ROBBINS: I think that the contents of this document will be corroborated by other evidence which is, or will be, admitted.
As I was saying, one of the managing directors is stated to be Maurer, who is the same Maurer of Amtsgruppe D-II, which, again, shows the close relation of W-II-D. At page 12 of the original, page 6 of the English stencil, paragraph 5, "Dachau Works in Dachau, near Munich," are referred to as being a part of the DAW. It is stated, "By order of Pohl, the economic enterprises of the Dachau SS have been taken over by the DAW as from first of January 1940. For this reason the capital of the DAW was raised by RM. 500,000..."
And at paragraph 6, "Sachenhausen Works ..near Oranienburg," the concentration camp here referred to, would include saw-mill, carpenters' -, painters'-, joiners'-, smiths'-, and electricians' workshops.